2024 Hydro cyclone

Feb 2, 2011 · HYDROCYCLONES. The hydrocyclone is a simple piece of equipment that uses fluid pressure to generate centrifugal force and a flow pattern which can separate particles or droplets from a liquid medium. These particles or droplets must have a sufficiently different density relative to the medium in order to achieve separation. . Name

The hydrocyclone may be used for: (a) separating particles (suspended in a liquid of lower density) by size or density, or more generally, by terminal falling velocity; Figure 1.36. NEI Delta sizer ultrafine classifier. (b) the removal of suspended solids from a liquid; (c) separating immiscible liquids of different densities; (d) dewatering of ...Hydrocyclone technology is a better alternative to existing algal dewatering technologies because it can bring down algal harvesting costs as it has a relatively low-energy requirement, particle-sorting device (0.3 kW h m −3) compared to other available centrifuge methods (Grima et al., 2003).Section snippets Review of enhanced-separation hydrocyclone technologies developed by optimizing operating parameters. Generally, the enhanced-separation technologies of hydrocyclones by optimizing operating parameters can be categorized into 5 varieties: (i) feed flow rate; (ii) feed pressure; (iii) feed density difference; (iv) feed particle parameters including feed particle concentration ...A high-efficiency hydrocyclone was designed by response surface methodology to evaluate the recycling of acid hydrolysis residues from titanium dioxide (TiO2) production as a study case.The auto-klean Hydro-cyclone seperator is a low cost means of significantly removing solid debris from fluid ... REQUEST QUOTE Auto-Klean is a British company, which has almost 100 years of experience in manufacturing and providing a wide range of filters, cartridges and filter bags to large organisations and also small and medium size ... Mar 8, 2020 · Kembali lagi ke hydrocyclone.. Sebagai alat klasifikasi, hidrosiklon berfungsi memisahkan material halus dan kasar dari umpan lumpur yang melewatinya. Aliran material halus akan keluar dari bagian atas siklon, disebut overflow. Sementara material kasar yang terpengaruh gaya gravitasi akan keluar dari bagian bawah siklon, disebut underflow. Description. Evoqua’s VAF [TM] brand Hydrocyclone Separators are effective in removing suspended particles from any flow stream of water where the specific gravity (density) of the particle (s) is heavier than the fluid it is in. The more significant the difference in gravity between the water and the particle, the greater the efficiency of ... Aug 1, 2020 · 1. Introduction. So far, hydrocyclones have been utilized in a wide range of chemical, mining, oil, gas, and petrochemical industries. A typical hydrocyclone contains a conical section with a drain pipe at the cone tip and a feed inlet, which is tangent to the upper part of the cylindrical area at the entry to the body. Hydrocyclone filter is the primary choice in the following situations: For separation of sand and other solid matter from water. Protection of valves and irrigation systems from damage/abrasion caused by sand and other solid matter. Pre-filtering of water with high loads of sand. For irrigation systems irrigating with well water. Aug 11, 2021 · The filtering hydro cyclone is a solid–liquid separation device, generally conical in shape. The hydro cyclone allows the separation of microplastics from water, to facilitate micro-recycling. To test the capabilities of a hydro cyclone at separating microplastics from water, Rietema’s standard sizes, mathematical and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling were used. The results show ... The Hydro Cyclone is an Key classifiers in ore dressing concentrators, especially for separating fines, It is also applied in de-sliming, sand removing and thickening process. With the Continious development of technology, cyclones are demanded in two extremes: large diameter (high capacity) and small diameter (separating fines).Manipulating water and pressure. The primary ways the plant metallurgist can change or alter the hydrocyclone’s classification is to vary the cyclone feed dilution water or adjust the hydrocyclone’s operating pressure. Producing a finer classification in hydrocyclones requires additional dilution water to lower the feed density of the ...An episode from the series "Fun with Drilling Engineering" with Prof. Dr. Matthias Reich.Camera and Cut: Susann KleinExperimental setup: Dr. Silke Röntzsch, ...A high-efficiency hydrocyclone was designed by response surface methodology to evaluate the recycling of acid hydrolysis residues from titanium dioxide (TiO2) production as a study case.Kemco System’s Hydrocyclone system is a centrifugal separating device which is designed for separating solids from liquids. The Kemco Hyrdrocyclone can be used as a stand alone product to reduce the sand and gravel from laundry waste, or as a pre-filtration for the Kemco Ceramic/RO recycling system. Additional Features: High volume capacity Fine micron separationHydrocyclones first appeared in dutch in the late 1800s, Hidrociclon is an equipment that uses rotary current to classify, separate or sort coarse particles of sewage. It widely used in mine processing such as aggregates, hard rock mining, sand, industrial minerals, coal and more. Because the equipment without moving parts, take up small areas ... The hydro cyclone model employed in this simulation is depicted in Fig. 1-A. It is worth mentioning that the current utilized hydro cyclone, is the most recent model proposed by A. Belaidi et al. (Belaidi and Thew, 2003). To be more exact, there are new features implemented in this model, in which the cylindrical body is substituted with a body ...The auto-klean Hydro-cyclone seperator is a low cost means of significantly removing solid debris from fluid ... REQUEST QUOTE Auto-Klean is a British company, which has almost 100 years of experience in manufacturing and providing a wide range of filters, cartridges and filter bags to large organisations and also small and medium size ... The hydro cyclone model employed in this simulation is depicted in Fig. 1-A. It is worth mentioning that the current utilized hydro cyclone, is the most recent model proposed by A. Belaidi et al. (Belaidi and Thew, 2003). To be more exact, there are new features implemented in this model, in which the cylindrical body is substituted with a body ...A hydrocyclone is an effective separation device wherein water is mixed with sands. It can be used to classify or filter specific solid and liquid components in a feed stream. This study ...Our team of filter specialists are 24/7 available. We are specialized in liquid filtration for over 30 years. Unburden & Solution-oriented, that is what we stand for. Buy your Hydrocyclone with by-pass at JMF-Filters B.V., a good choice. Connection. 1'', 1 ½'', 2'', 3'', DN100, DN150, Custom Made. Material.The Science and Technology of Hydrocyclones. A recent webinar focused on hydrocyclones and their application for offshore oil and water separation. The discussion includes fundamental science, practical considerations, implementation and field experience. January 4, 2014. By Keefe Borden. Oil and Gas Facilities.Jun 23, 2015 · The Principle of Operation of Hydrocyclone is, in simple terms, the forces of gravity and centrifuge to separate large or heavy particles from smaller and lighter one. When sized correctly will “cut” like the ‘real cyclone’ below VS the imaginary ‘ideal’ one on the left. A hydrocyclone (often referred to in the shortened form ... Manipulating water and pressure. The primary ways the plant metallurgist can change or alter the hydrocyclone’s classification is to vary the cyclone feed dilution water or adjust the hydrocyclone’s operating pressure. Producing a finer classification in hydrocyclones requires additional dilution water to lower the feed density of the ...Modelling and Performance Analysis of Hydrocyclones: The Case of Buzwagi Gold Mine. ... coupled with a cyclone to design an efficient cyclone dust separator for fine particles. Samaeili et al ...4 variables such as liquid viscosity also affect this correction.-1.43 C 1 = 53-V (Eq. 4) 53 Where C 1 = Correction for the influence of cyclone feed concentration. V = Percent solids by volume of A 5 cm Krebs hydro cyclone is experimentally tested using . only water. Chan ges of the underflo w diameter are . approximated by using a pump connected to the u nderflow -30-20-10. 0. 10. 20. 30. 40.72 20K views 3 years ago Hydrocyclone is mainly used in mineral processing as a classifier, and has proved extremely efficient at fine separation sizes. It is used increasingly in closed circuit...Aug 6, 2015 · Hydrocyclone Working Principle. The centre of this spiral is called the VORTEX. The purpose of the apex is to cause internal pressure for the cyclone and to create a vortex that extends all of the way to the top of the cyclone. In all hydrocyclones there are two outlets, one for the coarse material, this is the APEX, and the other for the fine ... Nov 18, 2014 · A 5 cm Krebs hydro cyclone is experimentally tested using . only water. Chan ges of the underflo w diameter are . approximated by using a pump connected to the u nderflow -30-20-10. 0. 10. 20. 30. 40. The sanitary cyclone (HCH) unit is the most hygienic hydro cyclone on the market. The washing water is sensitive to microbiological growth which can cause the failure of the washing equipment, increase downtime and a contaminated product. Using the hygienic hydro cyclone unit minimises the risk of this harmful microbiological growth. The Hydro Cyclone is an Key classifiers in ore dressing concentrators, especially for separating fines, It is also applied in de-sliming, sand removing and thickening process. With the Continious development of technology, cyclones are demanded in two extremes: large diameter (high capacity) and small diameter (separating fines).Have you wondered how a Cavex® hydrocyclone works? A classification hydrocyclone uses centrifugal force to selectively concentrate slurry particles through a...The Science and Technology of Hydrocyclones. A recent webinar focused on hydrocyclones and their application for offshore oil and water separation. The discussion includes fundamental science, practical considerations, implementation and field experience. January 4, 2014. By Keefe Borden. Oil and Gas Facilities.A hydrocyclone is an effective separation device wherein water is mixed with sands. It can be used to classify or filter specific solid and liquid components in a feed stream. This study ...Abstract. Hydrocyclone is a simple mechanical device, with no moving parts, where solid particles are separated from liquid with very little head loss. As its name describes, it uses a cyclone or ...The filtering hydro cyclone is a solid–liquid separation device, generally conical in shape. The hydro cyclone allows the separation of microplastics from water, to facilitate micro-recycling. To test the capabilities of a hydro cyclone at separating microplastics from water, Rietema’s standard sizes, mathematical and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling were used. The results show ...How to Size a Cyclone or Hydrocyclone has a well establish step-by-step process for which Richard A. Arterburn was a pioneer. Since this paper and its hydrocyclone sizing method is becoming hard to find, I uploaded it on here. Use the 911Metallurgist Online Cyclone Design Calculator. Hydrocyclone Design & Sizing Parameters – Calculations ...A hydrocyclone is a static device that applies centrifugal force to a liquid mixture so as to promote the separation of heavy and light components. The hydrocyclone is a closed vessel designed to convert ...<p>Incoming water is guided by a diverter plate so that it enters multiple hydro cyclones tangentially, generating a strong centrifugal effect. This spins the sediment out to the hydro cyclone’s wall and then spirals it down to the sediment chamber, while the cleansed water spirals upwards.</p> <p>The MultiCyclone pre-filters up to 80 per cent of the filter’s incoming dirt load ...The design procedure for the cyclone considered in this study is based on the work by Copper and Alley [2], which in turn is based on the foundation laid by Lapple back is the 1950's [2]. These ...The hydrocyclone may be used for: (a) separating particles (suspended in a liquid of lower density) by size or density, or more generally, by terminal falling velocity; Figure 1.36. NEI Delta sizer ultrafine classifier. (b) the removal of suspended solids from a liquid; (c) separating immiscible liquids of different densities; (d) dewatering of ...To fix this, increase the density of solids feeding the hydrocyclone, or decrease the size of the apex. The apex will be the fastest wearing part of most units. When the apex wears out, the opening gets larger, therefore allowing more water to go out the underflow. To fix this, replace the apex with a new one.Advantages of a Hydro Cyclone. The separation of particles from large volumes of fluid is possible with a hydro cyclone. The BELKI hydro cyclone has a patented inlet pipe, which enables the inflow of the fluid to go directly into rotation without creating turbolence inside the hydro cyclone. The BELKI hydro cyclone can be delivered in standard ...A number of factors can aﬀect the performance of a hydrocyclone, including a) the inﬂuence of the concentration of solids contained in the feed ﬂuid, b) the pressure drop across the cyclone and c) the eﬀect of theHow Cyclonic Filtration Systems Function. Cyclonic filtration is the process of removing particles from an air, gas, or liquid stream. At Baca Systems, we specialize in producing systems that remove particles from fluid streams. Many systems eliminate particles from liquids using a hydro cyclone. In gas and air applications, other cyclone types ...Jul 28, 2021 · The diameter of the underflow port should be smaller than the diameter of the overflow port. 3. Overflow pipe depth of hydrocyclone. As the depth of the overflow pipe decreases, the production capacity of the cyclone increases, while the separation particle size decreases. The best insertion depth of the overflow pipe is l= (0.33-0.50)D. 4. 1. Serialization, large-scale, specifications: FX150 - FX1250 (mm), cut size: 4 microns - 400 microns. 2. Various wear-resisting materials: High alumina ceramic, polyurethane, ceramic composite materials. We can produce suitable hydrocyclone according to client’s demand or working condition. 3.Kembali lagi ke hydrocyclone.. Sebagai alat klasifikasi, hidrosiklon berfungsi memisahkan material halus dan kasar dari umpan lumpur yang melewatinya. Aliran material halus akan keluar dari bagian atas siklon, disebut overflow. Sementara material kasar yang terpengaruh gaya gravitasi akan keluar dari bagian bawah siklon, disebut underflow.Nominal Flow Rate 25 m3/Hr, Maximum Operating Pressure 8 kg/cm2. Inlet / Outlet 2" NPT. Removes fine sand and silt particles of size above 75 microns. Useful for Irrigation System. Guaranteed 28% extra savings on business purchases with GST invoice. Sign in/Create a free business account. hydrocyclone cluster for iron ore beneficiation plant-fx100-pu-bx14: china: nhava sheva sea: set: 1: 1,737,822: 1,737,822: nov 12 2014: 84212190: 2 x 2 sand separator ... Oct 29, 2019 · A Hydrocyclone, or commonly called a cyclone, is more widely known and used. The ideal condition for a cyclone is steady feed in regard to flow rate and solids. The steady flow rate is essential to maintain the desired pressure to make the predictable and repeatable separation. Changes in the flow rate have a direct relation to the inlet pressure. Hydrocyclone Separators, For Mineral Processing Industry. ₹ 55,000 Get Latest Price. Type of Dust Collector: Cyclone Dust Collector. Processing Capacity (m3/h): 1 to 350. Usage: Mineral Processing Industry. Interior Diameter: 50-660mm. Material: Mild Steel. Feeding Size (mm): 0.3 to 16 mm. read more... Aug 7, 2013 · Hydrocyclone Efficiency Curves. The Hydrocyclone Efficiency Curves are affected by many operating factors such as feed density, apex and vortex sizes and feed pump pressure. These factors will cause your cyclone classification to operate correctly, in roping or spraying mode. Everyone knows or has seen an “Ideal Cyclone Efficiency Curve” VS ... respectively. The hydrocyclone is fabricated with 1.6mm thick mild steel sheet. The initial water sand mixture is compared with the resulting underflow and overflow. Keywords—Hydrocyclone Separator, Sediments, cut size I. Introduction Originally in the later part of the 19th century hydrocyclone was used as a solid/liquid separator toThe hydrocyclone may be used for: (a) separating particles (suspended in a liquid of lower density) by size or density, or more generally, by terminal falling velocity; Figure 1.36. NEI Delta sizer ultrafine classifier. (b) the removal of suspended solids from a liquid; (c) separating immiscible liquids of different densities; (d) dewatering of ...Our team of filter specialists are 24/7 available. We are specialized in liquid filtration for over 30 years. Unburden & Solution-oriented, that is what we stand for. Buy your Hydrocyclone with by-pass at JMF-Filters B.V., a good choice. Connection. 1'', 1 ½'', 2'', 3'', DN100, DN150, Custom Made. Material.8.3.3.1 Hydrocyclone separators. The hydrocyclone, also referred to as cyclone, is a classifying device that utilizes centrifugal force to accelerate the settling rate of slurry particles and separate particles according to size, shape and specific gravity.The size of a Hydrocyclone plays a key role in its performance. Inside the Cyclone, each particle migrates to a position where the centrifugal force is equal to the drag force. If the centrifugal force is higher than the drag force, the particle has a higher chance of exiting out the underflow.To fix this, increase the density of solids feeding the hydrocyclone, or decrease the size of the apex. The apex will be the fastest wearing part of most units. When the apex wears out, the opening gets larger, therefore allowing more water to go out the underflow. To fix this, replace the apex with a new one. Jun 1, 2022 · Amongst many methods, hydro cyclone separators like a pre-filtering system can be implemented to reduce the inflow of sediment partially or completely. This paper focuses on the analytical design ... Nomenclature of the Hydrocyclone Parts. However, as a general rule. 1. the inlet cross sectional area is roughly 70% of the cross sectional area of the feed chamber, 2. the diameter of the vortex finder is about 25–40% of the cyclone diameter and. 3. the diameter of the apex is 25% of the vortex finder.Laboratory Hydrocyclone. US$ 999. The 911MPEFX series of mini laboratory hydrocyclones with their PU polyurethane inside will help you test for one of the most common size classification devices used in mining & mineral processing. Hydrocyclones of 1, 2, 3 and 4 inch (25, 50, 75 and 100 mm) in diameter are available with a range of vortex ...HYDROCYCLONES. The hydrocyclone is a simple piece of equipment that uses fluid pressure to generate centrifugal force and a flow pattern which can separate particles or droplets from a liquid medium. These particles or droplets must have a sufficiently different density relative to the medium in order to achieve separation.Feb 2, 2011 · HYDROCYCLONES. The hydrocyclone is a simple piece of equipment that uses fluid pressure to generate centrifugal force and a flow pattern which can separate particles or droplets from a liquid medium. These particles or droplets must have a sufficiently different density relative to the medium in order to achieve separation. Oct 12, 2020 · Roping compromises the performance of the Hydrocyclone and causes it to act more like a traditional pipe tee than a classifier. Roping (shown on the left) alongside ideal Hydrocyclone underflow (right). The Separator™ configuration of the Hydrocyclone removes the highest amount of water from the underflow, thereby decreasing the fines bypass. For example, if a 500 gpm hydrocyclone over-flow is returned to the suction compartment and a 400 gpm rig flow rate enters the suction compartment, adequate processing is not achieved even though more fluid is processed than is pumped downhole. In this case, the flow entering the hydrocyclone suction compartment is 900 gpm.Hydrocyclone is widely used in petroleum, mineral and environment engineering, taking advantage of different density material of state of motion under centrifugal force field to deoil, dewater and classify. As a simple, efficient facility, hydrocyclone can be classified as liquid–liquid, liquid–solid, gas–liquid separation types.Hydrocyclone sand separator is a high-efficiency separation equipment, which uses centrifugal separation of two-phase fluid. It is mainly used for grading, sorting, and concentrate desliming in the mineral processing industry. Under pressure, after feeding gate sewage, along the tangent or involute direction ( depending on the feedstock used ... The depth at which the vortex finder tip is placed greatly influences hydrocyclone efficiency. This optimum vortex finder length value corresponds to a vortex finder length-hydrocyclone total length ratio of 0.1. This optimum value is obtained by the analysis of both the solid mass separation in the underflow stream.Hydrocyclones, although relatively low-energy devices (0.3 kW h m − 3) compared to other harvesting methods, are reported to be an unreliable means of concentrating microalgae as they achieve a maximum concentration of only 0.4% with a concentration factor of 4 ( Molina-Grima et al., 2003 ).Roping compromises the performance of the Hydrocyclone and causes it to act more like a traditional pipe tee than a classifier. Roping (shown on the left) alongside ideal Hydrocyclone underflow (right). The Separator™ configuration of the Hydrocyclone removes the highest amount of water from the underflow, thereby decreasing the fines bypass.A hydrocyclone is a device used for the classification of sub sieve materials typically below 200 microns. The material (in slurry form) is fed into the feed chamber at pressure, using a centrifugal pump. The centrifugal pump is paired with a cyclone to ensure optimal feed rate for the cyclone to perform efficiently.Kemco System’s Hydrocyclone system is a centrifugal separating device which is designed for separating solids from liquids. The Kemco Hyrdrocyclone can be used as a stand alone product to reduce the sand and gravel from laundry waste, or as a pre-filtration for the Kemco Ceramic/RO recycling system. Additional Features: High volume capacity. Arkal 2" sand separator Hydro cyclone. Plastic filter for sand. [centrifugal] Threads fits both BSP and NPT Filtration Flow rate: Minimum flow rate: 15 m3/h [88 gpm] Maximum flow rate: 25 m3/h [110 gpm] Cat no. 1218 0001 & 1218 0009 2" Sand Separator Product BrochureNov 29, 2018 · To the best of authors’ knowledge, although the first patent on the hydrocyclone is about 128 years old, to date, there are just a few reviews on hydrocyclones (Table 1), and marginal effort has been attempted to comprehensively review and summarize enhanced-separation hydrocyclone technologies developed by optimizing operating parameters and conditions. Plastic Hydro Cyclone Filter (2", 25 Meter Cube Per Hour Capacity) ₹ 5,494 Get Latest Price. Brand: Sujay Irrigations Pvt.Ltd. Material: Engineering Plastic. Color: Black. Inlet/ Outlet Inch/Mm: 2 inch. Capacity: 25 meter cube per hour capacity. Country of Origin: Made in India. read more...The Hydro Cyclone is an Key classifiers in ore dressing concentrators, especially for separating fines, It is also applied in de-sliming, sand removing and thickening process. With the Continious development of technology, cyclones are demanded in two extremes: large diameter (high capacity) and small diameter (separating fines).

To the best of authors’ knowledge, although the first patent on the hydrocyclone is about 128 years old, to date, there are just a few reviews on hydrocyclones (Table 1), and marginal effort has been attempted to comprehensively review and summarize enhanced-separation hydrocyclone technologies developed by optimizing operating parameters and conditions.. Vibrating feeder

There are various design parameters of hydrocyclone which are as follows: Cone angle: se, 16° cone angles were chosen [7] .The larger the hydro cyclone diameter, the coarser the separation. The included angle of the cone section is normally between 10° and 20°. Cone section length: The length of cone depends upon the Hydro-cyclone, Sand separators. Price from US$ 325 Centrifugal Filters for sand separation, Also known as sand separators, centrifugal filters are mainly for the removal of particles such as sand, and other solids from the irrigation water. They are ideal for situations where a pile of sand, is present in water.The Science and Technology of Hydrocyclones. A recent webinar focused on hydrocyclones and their application for offshore oil and water separation. The discussion includes fundamental science, practical considerations, implementation and field experience. January 4, 2014. By Keefe Borden. Oil and Gas Facilities.4 • HYDROCYCLONE SAND SEPARATORS OPERATION, INSTALLATION & MAINTENANCE GUIDE INSTALLATION GUIDELINES • Install and connect the Hydrocyclone vertically with the Sedimentation Tank underneath the Hydrocyclone. • Special attention must be given to the correct flow direction: horizontal inlet and top vertical outlet are clearly marked by arrows.Jul 15, 2013 · How to Size a Cyclone or Hydrocyclone has a well establish step-by-step process for which Richard A. Arterburn was a pioneer. Since this paper and its hydrocyclone sizing method is becoming hard to find, I uploaded it on here. Use the 911Metallurgist Online Cyclone Design Calculator. Hydrocyclone Design & Sizing Parameters – Calculations ... New and Used High Capacity Classification Cyclones for Sale. Savona Equipment is a hydrocyclone supplier worldwide. A cyclone is a device to classify, separate or sort particles in a liquid suspension based on the ratio of their centripetal force to fluid resistance. Heavy components move outward toward the wall of the cylinder where they ...Hydrocyclone. Concentrated sludge is discharged through the point (underflow). In the smaller units, centrifugal acceleration can exceed 600 g and supply pressure will fluctuate between 0.5 and 2 bar. The separation characteristic d 50. expressed in general in mm and wrongly termed filtration capacity, relates to the diameter of the particle ...The total capacity of the hydro-cyclone Q об can be approximately determined by the following relationship (diameters and pressure are substituted in meters and Pascals, respectively): Q об = 5.46·10-3 ·d вх 0.9 ·d в 0.9 ·p вх 0.5. where: p вх – fluid pressure at the hydrocyclone inlet, Pa.4 variables such as liquid viscosity also affect this correction.-1.43 C 1 = 53-V (Eq. 4) 53 Where C 1 = Correction for the influence of cyclone feed concentration. V = Percent solids by volume of Oct 29, 2019 · A Hydrocyclone, or commonly called a cyclone, is more widely known and used. The ideal condition for a cyclone is steady feed in regard to flow rate and solids. The steady flow rate is essential to maintain the desired pressure to make the predictable and repeatable separation. Changes in the flow rate have a direct relation to the inlet pressure. To fix this, increase the density of solids feeding the hydrocyclone, or decrease the size of the apex. The apex will be the fastest wearing part of most units. When the apex wears out, the opening gets larger, therefore allowing more water to go out the underflow. To fix this, replace the apex with a new one.Hydrocyclone filter is the primary choice in the following situations: For separation of sand and other solid matter from water. Protection of valves and irrigation systems from damage/abrasion caused by sand and other solid matter. Pre-filtering of water with high loads of sand. For irrigation systems irrigating with well water..

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